A key event in the development of the discipline of biometeorology was the successful training program financed by the U.S. National Institute of Health. This was an inter-university program, which depended initially on the energy of Champ B. Tanner and Frederick Sargent (as shown in Figure 9). The orginal inspiration came from D. Bruce Dill. The program lasted from 1963 to 1971. The appeal to the granting agency was that this was to be a joint program between the Big Ten Midwest Universities. The grant was actually given to a Big Ten University organization called The Committee for Institutional Cooperation (CIC). The program was adequately funded, and upon request to the board of directors any faculty member interested in biometeorology in any of the Big Ten Universities could apply for financing for the support of a PhD student, or for visiting speakers.

One characteristic of the program (which was probably partly why the grant was funded) was the requirement that each candidate have interdisciplinary training. This was accomplished by having each biology major take two courses in meteorology or atmospheric measurements, or by having each meteorologist candidate take four courses in biology.

Thirty students earned a PhD in Biometeorology in the CIC Program. Here is a description of two of them to serve as an example of the success of the program. Professor Dennis Driscoll at Texas A&M University wrote many papers; an example is cited in the bibliography. James Gessaman of Utah State University also wrte many papers which included records of the microenvironments of the animals he studied.

Gessaman (a member of the ISB) illustrates the use of one of the CIC Fellowships provided to E. Folk by the ISB program. Gessaman and his wife were funded to live in the Arctic for two years to collect data for his PhD thesis. They resided at the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory at Barrow, Alaska. Elaborate metabolism equipment was built under the guidance of the laboratory director, Dr. Max C. Brewer. In his experiments with the arctic snowy owl, Gessaman measured the highest increase in resting metabolism due to extreme cold exposure (-60° F) of any vertebrate.

There was another student who spent two years on an ISB fellowship at Point Barrow to collect the data for his PhD thesis, namely Joel J. Berberich, who held two fellowships (the other was from the National Science Foundation). At Barrow he did a landmark piece of research, which involved whether there was a need for cold acclimatization in small animals which live on the shore of the Arctic Ocean, or whether such animals were cold-acclimatized in all seasons. Joel received his PhD in Biometeorology from the University of Iowa and later a MD from the University of Illinois.

Another provision of the grant provided an exciting impetus to the ISB; a portion of the money provided was to bring experts in biometeorology from around the globe to any of the Big Ten Universities. This introduced a special vitality to the CIC Biometeorology Graduate Program. As examples, two of the individuals who were brought to the University of Iowa (and to other Midwest Universities) were Professor John Cloudsley-Thompson from the deserts of Africa, and Professor Victor MacFarlane from the deserts of Sydney, Australia. These individuals, as did others, gave seminars and lectures for the biological community at the University of Iowa and other Big Ten Universities.

John Cloudsley-Thompson was a lifetime member and active supporter of the ISB. His bibliography includes many papers on the microclimate in African deserts. As of this writing he still maintains an active office at University College, London.

Professor MacFarlane was known in Australia for his climatological measurements and analysis of the water-balance of mammals in the desert. He was an accomplished artist, as was John Cloudsley-Thompson. MacFarlane delighted his audiences with drawings of exotic desert mammals, drawings which his wife converted to engravings. Some of our faculty at the University of Iowa were studying mammalian hybernation, and so after his visit Victor sent us an engraving with the following caption: "We are having desert winds, hot and wild and dry now, so here is a portrait of the rabbit-eared bandicoot who lives in the howling desert and puts up metabolism 30-50% at night, increases red cell ATPase activity, then turns it all off again by day, when body temperature falls to 33°. Not your hibernation, but useful in the desert" (see Figure 10).

Another scientist must be mentioned because of his influence on the successful granting of the CIC graduate program, namely D. Bruce Dill (see Figure 11). He was a special influence on Frederick Sargent, who was the key person in acquiring the grant, and also a sponsor and source of inspiration for the author (E. Folk), who was a board member of the CIC program for eight years. Bruce Dill proved his interest in biometeorology by publishing with Solco Tromp at a very early time and by attending our Congresses. He was a long-time director of the Fatigue Laboratory at Harvard University. He wrote a classic book entitled Life, Heat, and Altitude, a book which inspired many individuals to emphasize or go into the science of biometeorology. Dill was especially well-known because of his contribution to the building of the Hoover Dam. The climatic problem there was that the workers were frequently sick from heat stroke. Bruce Dill was called in as a consultant because he had published, from the Fatigue Laboratory, the first experimental evidence for human acclimatization to heat. He proposed a series of solutions to the problems at Hoover Dam. One was simple; rather than having the workers sleep in the valley where they were building the dam, transport them each night to the coolest point of altitude near the construction camp. Later, D. Bruce Dill was elected president of the America Physiological Society.

This completes our discussion of the eight-year CIC biometeorology program, and we now turn our attention to some of the other scientists who have added vitality to the continuing history of biometeorology.